Ultra short laser pulses generate mini X-ray source for 3D imaging of soft tissue

2015-08-26 – News from Physics Department

Researchers of the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) have developed a miniature X-ray source with laser light. They used this light-generated radiation in combination with phase-contrast X-ray tomography and captured three-dimensional images of ultrafine details of a fly measuring just a few millimeters. Until now, such radiation could only be produced in expensive ring accelerators measuring several kilometers in diameter. The newly developed instruments only require a university laboratory.

The world’s first image of a fly taken with the help of a laser-aided X-ray tomography imaging method. It consists of around 1500 individual images. Even extremely fine structures appear in three-dimensional detail. These would remain invisible in a conventional X-ray image. Picture: S. Karsch and F. Pfeiffer/ LMU, TUM

When the physicists Prof. Stefan Karsch, researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and Prof. Franz Pfeiffer, TUM professor for Biomedical Physics, illuminate a tiny fly with the new technique, the resulting image captures even the finest hairs on the wings of the insect. For the first time, the scientists have coupled their technique for generating X-rays from laser pulses with phase-contrast X-ray tomography to visualize tissues in organisms. The result is a three-dimensional view of the insect in exact detail.

Combination of light-generated radiation and phase-contrast

The X-rays required were generated by electrons that were accelerated to nearly the speed of light over a distance of approximately one centimeter by laser pulses lasting around 25 femtoseconds. A femtosecond is one millionth of a billionth of a second. The laser pulses have a power of approximately 80 terawatts (80 x 10¹² watts). By way of comparison: an atomic power plant generates 1,500 megawatts (1.5 x 10⁹ watts).

First, the laser pulse ploughs through a plasma consisting of positively charged atomic cores and their electrons like a ship through water, producing a wake of oscillating electrons. This electron wave creates a trailing wave-shaped electric field structure on which the electrons surf and are accelerated in the process. The particles then start to vibrate, emitting X-rays. Each light pulse generates an X-ray pulse. The X-rays generated have special properties: They have a wavelength of approximately 0.1 nanometers, a duration of only about five femtoseconds, and are spatially coherent, i.e., they appear to come from a point source.

For the first time, the MPI and LMU researchers have combined their laser-driven X-rays with a phase-contrast imaging method developed by a team headed by Prof. Franz Pfeiffer of TUM. Instead of the usual absorption of radiation, they used X-ray refraction to accurately image the shapes of objects, including soft tissues. For this to work, the spatial coherence mentioned above is essential.

Advantages of the new technique

This laser-based imaging technique enables the researchers to view structures around one tenth to one hundredth the diameter of a human hair. Another advantage is the ability to create three-dimensional images of objects. After each X-ray pulse, meaning after each frame, the specimen is rotated slightly. For example, about 1,500 individual images were taken of the fly, which were then assembled to form a 3-D data set.

Due to the shortness of the X-ray pulses, this technique may be used in future to freeze ultrafast processes on the femtosecond time scale e.g. in molecules – as if they were illuminated by a femtosecond flashbulb.

The technology is particularly interesting for medical applications, as it is able to distinguish between differences in tissue density. Cancer tissue, for example, is less dense than healthy tissue. The method therefore opens up the prospect of detecting tumors that are less than one millimeter in diameter in an early stage of growth before they spread through the body and exert their lethal effect. For this purpose, however, researchers must shorten the wavelength of the X-rays even further in order to penetrate thicker tissue layers. Due to the small size of the X-ray source, the new imaging method could make future medical applications more cost-effective and space-efficient than is possible with today’s technologies.

Desk

Thorsten Naeser (MAP) / Dr. Vera Siegler (TUM) / Dr. Johannes Wiedersich (Physik-Department)